Find the following words and word combinations in the text свойства металлов

Обновлено: 19.05.2024

1. How has the meaning of energy security expanded over time?

2. Do you agree that climate-inclusive approach should beintegrated into the concept of energy security? Give your reasons.

3. What are the international and domestic factors turning energy poverty into a serious problem and how could it be better addressed?

4. What two key aspects does the universality of energy security imply?

5. What steps has international community taken over the last decade to formulatecommon principles of energy security? What actions do these principles specify?

6. How is the international energy security defined in a draft Convention presented by the Russian Federation? Was it comprehensive?

7. Why were the negotiations on the “International Energy Charter” of 2014 important for the energy community?

8. What contradictions should energy consumers and producers overcome to reach an agreement on a common concept of international energy security?

9. What is common concept of international energy security supposed to be based on?

10. What are the tools ensuring security of supply?

11. How do OPEC and GECF attempt to agree with importers to ensure security of demand? Have they succeeded?

12. Why is security of supply and demand important for the economies of energy consuming and producing countries?

13. What is the transit countries position in regard to the concept of energy security?

14. What does the future of common concept of energy security depend on?

Task 3. Scan the text again and be ready to speak on the points below :

1. The elements of the expanded concept of energy security.

2. Relation of energy poverty to energy security (domestic and international aspects).

3. The components of universal core principles of energy security listed in the G8 Declaration.

4. The importance of the notion of security of demand for a common concept of energy security.

5. The basics of a common concept of international energy security.

6. The role of security of demand and supply for the producing and importing countries respectively.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Task 1. Find in the text all possible word combinations with the following words. Translate them into Russian:

Security, energy, diversification, supply, demand, transit

Task 2. Give Russian equivalents of the word combinations printed in bold in the text.

Task 3. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word combinations:

1. справедливая/разумная/приемлемая цена

2. недостаточное инвестирование

3. подход к энергетической безопасности, учитывающий проблемы изменения климата

4. приуменьшать значение

5. ценовая доступность энергетических потоков

6. система социального обеспечения

7. решать как проблему национальной энергетической безопасности

8. надежность предложения

9. диверсификация спроса и предложения на энергоносители

10. неделимость понятия устойчивой глобальной энергетической безопасности

11. надежная и бесперебойная поставка

12. страны-производители, страны транзита и страны-потребители энергоносителей

13. потребление энергии от первичных источников

14. накопление запасов

15. доходы от экспорта

Task 4. Match the words from columns A and B to make up collocations. Give their Russian equivalents.

A	B
1. environmental and social 2. fossil 3. energy 4. energy 5. supply 6. to meet 7. energy 8. to fall 9. energy 10. guaranteed 11. fixed 12. vertical 13. supply 14. rent	a) supplies b) short c) challenges d) sustainability e) offtake f) integration g) pricing h) sources i) expansion j) sharing k) market l) security m) subsidies n) fuels

Task 5. Match the following word-combinations with their corresponding definitions and translate them into Russian.

1. energy security; 2. energy supply; 3. energy poverty; 4. energy subsidies; 5. energy diversity 6. fossil fuel 7. renewable resources 8. vertical integration

a) lack of access to modern energy services b) the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price c) Fuel that was formed in the earth in prehistoric times from remains of living-cell organisms d) An arrangement whereby the same company owns all the different aspects of making, selling, and delivering a product or service e) measures that keep prices for consumers below market levels or for producers above market levels, or reduce costs for consumers and producers f) policy that encourages the development of energy technologies to diversify energy supply sources, thus reducing reliance on conventional fuels g) are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time h) energy made available for future disposition. Supply can be considered and measured from the point of view of the energy provider or the receiver.

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Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production andproperties of metals is known asmetallurgy.

Theseparation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals aredense. The atoms arearranged regularly and canslide over each other. That is why metals aremalleable (can be deformed andbent withoutfracture) andductile (can bedrawn intowire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example,lead is soft and can be bent by hand, whileiron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metalsdepend on thesize, shape, orientation, andcomposition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one withcoarse grains.

Heattreatment such asquenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.

All metals can be formed by drawing,rolling, hammering andextrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metalfatigue and tocreep (the slow increase in length understress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper andgrinder.

The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can bemelted andcast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.
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General understanding:

1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

2. Why are most metals dense?

3. Why are metals malleable?

4. What is malleability?

5. What are grains?

6. What is alloying?

7. What is crystalline structure?

8. What do the properties of metals depend on?

9. What changes the size of grains in metals?

10. What are the main processes of metal forming?

11. How are metals worked?

12. What is creeping?

Переведите на английский слова необходимо брать из текста
Exercise 1.1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. Свойства металлов

2. расстояние между атомами

3. правильное расположение

4. сильно отличаются по своим свойствам

5. кристаллическая структура

14. структура и свойства зерна

15. горячая обработка

16. усталость металла

17. ползучесть металла

18. плавка и отливка в формы

19. способы обработки металлов

Продолжите предложения
Exercise 1.2. Complete the following sentences:

Текст "Metals".

Новая лексика по теме "Металлы", текст, практические задание к тексту.

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«Текст "Metals".»

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these drains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.

Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.

All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.

The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.

Vocabulary:

property – свойство

metallurgy – металлургия

separation – разделение

dense – плотный

arrangement – расположение

regularly – регулярно

to slide – скользить

malleable – ковкий, податливый, способный деформироваться

bent – гнуть

to fracture – ломать

ductile – эластичный, ковкий

to drawn – волочить, тянуть

wire – проволока

lead – свинец

iron – железо

grain – зерно

depend – зависеть

size – размер, величина

shape – форма, формировать

composition – состав

coarse – грубый, крупный

treatment – обработка

quenching – закалка

tempering – отпуск после закалки, нормализация

annealing – отжиг, отпуск

rolling – прокатка

to hammer – ковать

extrusion – экструзия

metal fatigue – усталость металла

creep – ползучесть

stress – давление, напряжение

failure – повреждение, разрушение

vessel – сосуд, котел

lathe – токарный станок

milling machine – фрезерный станок

shaper – строгальный станок

grinder – шлифовальный станок

to melt – плавить

to cast – отливать

mould – форма (для отливки)

Answer the questions:

What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

Why are most metals dense?

Why are metals malleable?

What is malleability?

What are grains?

What is alloying?

What is crystalline structure?

What do the properties of metals depend on?

What changes the size of grains in metals?

What are the main processes of metal forming?

How are metals worked?

What is creeping?

Ex 1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. свойство металлов

4. сильно отличаются своими свойствами

Ex 2. Complete the following sentences:

2. Metallurgy is …

3. Most metals are …

4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals …

5. Irregular crystals …

6. The properties of the metals depend …

7. Metals with small grains will be …

8. … controls the nature of the grains in the metal.

10. All metals can be formed by …

12. Metals can be worked using …

Ex 3. Translate into English:

1. Металлы – плотные материалы потому, что между атомами в металлах малое расстояние.

2. Металлы имеют кристаллическую структуру из-за правильного расположения атомов.

Words to be Learnt. ability— способность

1. Плотность измеряется в килограммах на кубический метр.

2. Большинство материалов имеют более высокую плотность, чем вода и тонут в воде.

3. Плотность материала очень важна, особенно в авиации.

4. Модуль Юнга — отношение приложенной силы к упругой деформации данного материала.

5. Чем более металл жесткий, тем менее он деформируется под нагрузкой.

6. Когда металл растягивают, он сначала течет, то есть пластически деформируется.

7. Свинец, медь, алюминий и золото — самые ковкие металлы.

8. Сопротивление ползучести является очень важным свойством материалов, которые используются в авиационных моторах.

UNIT II.

BASIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

Exercise 2.1. Read and translate the text. Answer the questions on the text:

1. How can the reduction of diameter in wire drawing be achieved?

2. What is sheet metal forming and where it can be used?

3. What is close-die forging?

4. What is forging?

5. What are the types of forging?

6. What types of hammers are used now?

7. Where are coining and upsetting used?

8. What process is used in wire production?

9. Describe the process of making the roof of a car?

TEXT A: « TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES»

Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die. An example of drawing is wire drawing. The diameter reduction that can be achieved in one die is limited, but several dies in series can be used to get the desired reduction.

Sheet metal forming (штамповка листового металла) is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. It includes forging, bending and shearing. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thickness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. Bending can be done by pressing between two dies. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth.

Each of these processes may be used alone, but often all three are used on one part. For example, to make the roof of an automobile from a flat sheet, the edges are; gripped and the piece pulled in tension over a lower die. Next an upper die is pressed over the top, finishing the forming operation (штамповку), and finally the edges are sheared off to give the final dimensions.

Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. It is usually done hot in order to reduce the required force and increase the metal's plasticity.

Open-die forging is usually done by hammering a part; between two flat faces. It is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die or in cases where only a few parts are to be made. The earliest forging machines lifted a large hammer that was then dropped on the workpiece, but now air or steam hammers are used, since they allow greater control over the force and the rate of forming. The part is shaped by moving or turning it between blows.

Closed-die forging is the shaping of hot metal within the walls of two dies that come together to enclose the workpiece on all sides. The process starts with a rod or bar cut to the length needed to fill the die. Since large, complex shapes and large strains are involved, several dies may be used to go from the initial bar to the final shape. With closed dies, parts can be made to close tolerances so that little finish machining is required.

Two closed-die forging operations are given special names. They areupsetting andcoining. Coining takes its name from the final stage of forming metal coins, where the desired imprint is formed on a metal disk that is pressed in a closed die. Coining involves small strains and is done cold. Upsetting involves a flow of the metal back upon itself. An example of this process is the pushing of a short length of a rod through a hole, clamping the rod, and then hitting the exposed length with a die to form the head of a nail or bolt.

Task 2 .1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. Метали – це щільні матеріали тому, що в металах між атомами мала відстань.

2. Метали мають кристалічну структуру із-за правильного положення атомів.

3. Чим менші зерна, тим твердіший метал.

4. Закалка і відпал змінюють форму і розмір зерен в металах.

5. Легування змінює структуру зерен і властивості металів.

6. Метал деформується і руйнується із-за втоми і повзучості.

METALWORKING PROCESSES

Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applications. They can be divided into five broad groups:

5. sheet-metal forming.

During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, extruded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected.

Other processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature. These are called cold working. Cold working hardens metal and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain before a cold part cracks.

Rolling

Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of production. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.

Extrusion

Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminium window frames are the examples of complex extrusions.

Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The j initial piece is a thick-walled tube. and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.

In impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion) (штамповка видавлюванням), the workpiece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die determining the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminium beer cans.

Add to your active vocabulary:

shape — форма, формувати

extrusion — екструзія, видавлювання

to subject — піддавати

condition — стан, умова

perform — виконувати, проводити

to harden— робитися твердин, зміцнюватися

at least — принаймні

billet — заготовка, болванка

die — штамп, пуансон, матриця, фільєра, волочильна дошка

cross section — поперечний розріз

window frame — віконна рама

mandrel — оправка, сердечник

loosely — вільно, з зазором

ram — пуансон, плунжер

gap — проміжок, зазор

to determine — встановлювати, визначати

1. Why are metals so important in industry?

2. What are the main metalworking processes?

3. Why are metals worked mostly hot?

4. What properties does cold working give to metals?

5. What is rolling? Where is it used?

6. What is extrusion? What shapes can be obtained after extrusion?

7. What are the types of extrusion?

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